Fig. 1

Monomeric α-Syn induces microglia towards anti-inflammatory phenotype. a, b α-Syn promotes ARG-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner without affecting iNOS in primary microglia following 6h or 12h treatment. c, d Quantitative analyses of iNOS and ARG-1 in immunoblots (n = 3 independent experiments). e Nitrate concentration in supernatant at 6 h and 12 h under different concentrations of α-Syn treatment in primary microglia (n = 3 with 5 replications. 6 h : asterisk vs. control, at sign vs. LPS + IFN-γ, white square vs. IL-4 + IL-13. 12 h: ampersand vs. control, black star vs. LPS + IFN-γ, whote circle vs. IL-4 + IL-13.). f Levels of cytokines IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-1β in supernatant of BV2 by ELISA (n = 3 with 5 replications). g Co-localization of IL-1β (red) and ARG-1 (green) in BV2 microglia with treatment of α-Syn (100 nM) for 12 h (scale bar = 10 μm). h Quantification of the percentage of IL-1β and ARG-1 positive cells (n = 5 replications each containing 15-20 fields). One-way ANOVA with Newman Keuls multiple comparison test. Bar graphs show mean + s.e.m. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01***, p < 0.001