Fig. 6

CSO treatment attenuated neuroinflammation in the ischemic penumbra. A CSO attenuated the accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ischemic penumbra. Levels of IL-1β (a), IL-6 (b), and TNF-α (c) in the ischemic penumbra 24 h after reperfusion. ^##p < 0.01 vs. Sham-Con group, ^*p < 0.05 vs. MCAO-Con group. n = 5 per group. B Localization and expression of Iba1 and TNF-α in the ischemic penumbra after MCAO/R. Iba1 and TNF-α partial colocalized in the ischemic penumbra under normal conditions, and their expression increased after reperfusion (24 h), and their expression decreased after treatment with CSO. Scale bar = 10 μm. n = 5 per group. C Localization and expression of GFAP and TNF-α in the ischemic penumbra after MCAO/R. GFAP and TNF-α partially colocalized in the ischemic penumbra under normal conditions, and their expression increased after reperfusion (24 h), and their expression decreased after treatment with CSO. Scale bar = 10 μm. n = 5 per group