Fig. 3

TSPO-Iba-1 double label immunoreactivity is abundant in cortical and hippocampal regions. a–f Representative samples of double-label immunostained 5 μm brain sections for TSPO (red) and Iba-1 (brown). a Multiple layers (i–vi) of the cortex can be seen from buffer-OPN⁺ group. b Midbrain region from HIV-OPN⁺ group, showing a diversity of microglia morphologies. c HE-stained hippocampal brain regions (i) Buffer-OPN⁺, (ii) Buffer-OPN^-, (iii) HIV OPN⁺, (iv) HIV OPN^-. Yellow bars, highlight the dentate gyrus and red circles indicate hippocampal fissures. d, e Hippocampus of HIV-OPN^-. f Hippocampus in buffer-OPN^-. g Meningeal inflammation in HIV OPN⁺