Fig. 3

Sex-specific effects of HF diet and AD on plasma levels of diabetes-associated markers and expression of hypothalamic peptides that regulate feeding. a–h Plasma concentrations of diabetes-related markers. Blood was collected following a 5 h fasting period just prior to euthanasia, and assayed for a insulin, b leptin, c ghrelin, d glucagon, e gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), f glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1), g plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and h resistin. N = 8/group for all plasma markers. i–n Gene expression levels in homogenate of the whole hypothalamus related to energy balance. Hypothalamus was collected following a 5 h fasting period just prior to euthanasia, and assayed for i neuropeptide Y (NPY), j agouti-related peptide (AgRP), k pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), l leptin receptor (LepR), m melanocortin receptor 4 (MCR4), n fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). N = 5–8/group for all gene expression analyses in the hypothalamus. * = diet effect p < 0.05; ** = diet effect p < 0.01; ^ = AD effect p < 0.05; ^^ = AD effect p < 0.01