Fig. 3

Ex-Th17 cells resemble Th1 cells in terms of motility in vivo and differentially induce I-CAM1 and V-CAM1 expression on astrocytes. a Motility parameters of Th17, ex-Th17, and Th1 cells in vivo. Th17: IL-17-producing cells as indicated by IL-17 reporter mouse. Ex-Th17: 2d2.RFP Th17-skewed cells. Th1: 2d2.RFP Th1-skewed cells. Displacement rate (displacement length divided by track duration), mean track speed and track straightness shown for different cell types. Data from at least 3 independent animals per group. *p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA. b Relative frequency distribution of displacement rate, mean track speed and track straightness of IL-17 producing Th17 cells (red), Th1 cells (black), and ex-Th17 cells (blue). c Superimposed tracks of Th1, ex-Th17, and Th1 cells. One representative experiment per condition shown. Track duration 20 min. Track numbers shown: Th17 54 tracks, ex-Th17 81 tracks, Th1 81 tracks. d mRNA quantification of astrocytes in vitro after exposure to either Th1 or Th17 cells or their signature cytokines IFNγ or IL-17. Data from 8 to 11 independent cultures. ****p < 0.0001. e I-CAM1 and V-CAM1 protein expression on cerebral astrocytes during Th1- or Th17-induced EAE of two independent experiments. EAE scores are above 2. Four to nine animals analyzed. *p < 0.05