Fig. 3

Autophagy activation attenuated NTG-induced basal, not acute, mechanical, and thermal hyperalgesia. a, c, e Repeated administration of RAPA, the autophagy inducer, improved basal mechanical hyperalgesia of the hind paw (a), periorbit (c), and thermal hyperalgesia of the hind paw (e). b, d, f RAPA did not prevent the post-treatment responses comprising hind paw mechanical hypersensitivity (b), periorbital mechanical hypersensitivity (d), and thermal hyperalgesia (f). n = 10 per group; data are presented as the mean ± SEM; two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test were performed; ***p < 0.001 compared with the SHAM-VEH group; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001 compared with the NTG-VEH group