Table 1 The function and activity of immune cells exposed to brain injury

Monocytes/macrophages

Decreasing the number of monocytes; polarization of M2 phenotype; increasing production of IL-10; reducing phagocytic capability

[43], [44], [45]

Neutrophils

Impairment in ROS production; reduction of phagocytosis; shortening life-span as a result of spontaneous apoptosis

[43, 46,47,48,49]

Dendritic cells

Decreasing number of circulating DCs; anergic response to TLR3 and TLR4 stimulations; incapable of priming effective cellular immune response; disturbed infiltration and aberrant phenotypic differentiation

[50,51,52,53]

T lymphocytes

Reducing proportion of peripheral T cells; disturbing response to antigens; polarization of anti-inflammatory phenotypes; inducing imbalance between Tregs and proinflammatory phenotypes of T cells

[54,55,56,57,58]