Fig. 2

Hippocampus-dependent memory, but not hippocampus-independent memory or locomotor activity, in mice was impaired by anesthesia/surgery. The OFT was conducted to assess the total distance traveled by the mice at 1 day preoperatively and at postoperative days 1, 3, and 7 (a–d). The percent of freezing time during the training session at 1 day preoperatively (e) in the context test (f–h) and tone test (i–k) were assessed at postoperative days 1, 3, and 7. The data are presented as the means ± standard error of the mean for each group (n = 10). *p < 0.05 compared with the control group