Fig. 5

Downregulation of the NF-κB pathway after DPP4 inhibition in vitro. a, b The mRNA expression of genes associated with DAM subset was analyzed by RT-qPCR in BV2 cells. Selected markers: proinflammatory DAM: CD44; anti-inflammatory DAM: Cxcr4. c The mRNA expression of iNOS, IL-1β and IL-6 in BV2 microglia. d–g Western blotting analysis of MyD88, TRAF6, p-p65 and p65 in BV2 microglia. All bands were normalized to β-actin (n = 3). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001