Fig. 6

Downregulation of the NF-κB pathway after DPP4 inhibition in vivo. a Mouse hippocampus homogenates were subjected to western blotting. b–d Quantification analysis of MyD88, TRAF6 and p-p65/p65. Data were normalized to β-actin protein expression (n = 3–4). e The mRNA expression of iNOS, IL-1β and IL-6 in the hippocampus. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001