Fig. 7

DS inhibited apoptosis and caspase-3/7 activity through mitophagy in BV-2 microglia. BV-2 microglia were first pre-stimulated by LPS (100 ng/ml) for 3.5 h, then treated for 1 h with indicated concentrations of DS and 3-MA (5 mM) for 30 min or not followed by stimulation with nigericin (5 μM) for 12 h. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry in BV-2 microglia treated with indicated concentrations of DS for 6, 12, and 24 h using Annexin V-FITC/7aad (a, b) and caspase-3/7/PI (c, d) double-labeled staining method. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 3 in each group). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc analysis where ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 vs. control group; ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001 vs. LPS + Nigericin group; ^$P < 0.05, ^$$P < 0.01, ^$$$P < 0.001 vs. LPS + Nigericin + 30 μM DS group