Fig. 1

The inflammatory effect of LPS infusion into the SN and its attenuation by PXS-4681A. A Unilateral LPS injection and treatment regimen. B–D VAP-1 (green), RECA-1 (red) and Nissl (blue) in the SN after injection of LPS; E and on choroid plexus in the brain ventricle. F–H Rat-IgG (red) and GFAP (green) in control hemisphere F), LPS hemispheres–Vehicle G and LPS–PXS-4681A H. I Area IgG-positive in the LPS and CTR hemispheres in rats that received Vehicle or PXS-4681A ip. Bars represents mean ± SEM. LPS–Vehicle (n = 7), LPS–PXS-4681A (n = 5). J–K Coronal sections stained with TH in the SN after injection of LPS following PXS-4681A J or Vehicle K ip. J’, J”, K’, K” are enlargements of J and K images. L–O Representative photomicrographs of the density of DA terminals, identified as TH-positive, in the dorsal striatum of LPS hemisphere (left) and CTR hemisphere (right) from rats treated with PXS-4681A L, M or Vehicle N, O; P Quantification of TH-positive neurons in the SN. Values represent the mean ± SEM. LPS–Vehicle (n = 12) and LPS–PXS-4681A (n = 13). Q Quantification of TH-positive DA terminals in the dorsal striatum. Values represent the mean ± SEM. LPS–Vehicle (n = 12) and LPS–PXS-4681A (n = 13). R Asymmetry in forelimb use measured with cylinder test. LPS–Vehicle (n = 12), Sham–Vehicle (n = 6), LPS–PXS-4681A (n = 13). S Apomorphine-induced rotational behaviour, expressed as total number of contralateral rotations. Sham–Vehicle (n = 6), LPS–Vehicle (n = 6), LPS–PXS-4681A (n = 13). *p < 0.05