Fig. 3
T cells from symptomatic CCM patients were more responsive to TLR ligands and TCR/CD28 activation. T cell cultures (1 x 106/mL) from healthy subjects (Ctrl, n = 20) and CCMAsympt (n = 10) and CCMSympt (n = 10) patients were maintained in the presence of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads (10 μL/mL) or with ligands for TLR2 (Pam3C, 1 μg/mL) and TLR4 (LPS, 100 ηg/mL). After 48 h, the (A) T cell proliferation was determined by [3H]TdR up take, and the cytokine release after activation via TCR/CD28 (B) or TLR ligands (C) was evaluated by ELISA. Data are shown as mean ± SD of ten independent experiments with 4 samples per experiment. Significance was calculated by comparing different cell culture conditions from Ctrl, CCMAsympt and CCMSympt patients (IL-21 and GM-CSF, Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn’s test; IL-17, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-1β and TNF-α, ordinary ANOVA test and Turkey test)