Fig. 3

HCQ administration alleviated microglial activation and neutrophil infiltration in the ipsilateral cortex at 3 day post-TBI. a Representative images of microglial activation, as shown by Iba-1 staining in lesioned cortices. b–d Quantification of the microglial soma areas, branch endpoints and microglial process lengths. n = 5 per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. ****p < 0.0001 vs. sham group, ^#p < 0.05 vs. TBI + Vehicle group. e–g Immunofluorescent staining and statistical analysis of CD16/32 and Iba1. n = 5 per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. ***p < 0.001 vs. sham group, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001 vs. TBI + Vehicle group. h, i Representative western blot bands and densitometric quantification of Iba-1 expression. n = 4 per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. **p < 0.01 vs. sham group, ^#p < 0.05 vs. TBI + Vehicle group. j Representative images of MPO staining in the ipsilateral cortex. k Quantification of MPO-positive cells. n = 5 per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. ^#p < 0.05 vs. TBI + Vehicle group