Fig. 9

Efficacy of HCQ was extended to 6 h post-TBI. a Schematic diagram of the experimental design. HCQ was administered immediately or at 3 h or 6 h after TBI. Neurological function was evaluated by the rotarod test and grip strength test at 1 and 3 day post-TBI. Brain water content was analyzed 3 days after TBI. b, c Rotarod test at 1 and 3 day post-TBI. n = 5 per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. TBI + Vehicle group. ns: no significant difference. d, e Grip strength test at 1 and 3 day post-TBI. n = 5 per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. TBI + Vehicle group. ns: no significant difference. f Brain water content at 3 day post-TBI. n = 5 per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. TBI + Vehicle group