Fig. 5

NLRX1-mediated incomplete mitophagy facilitated morphine induced microglial immunosuppression and susceptibility to infection. A NLRX1 regulated the mitophagy-induced immunosuppression in morphine-treated BV2 cells (n = 4–8), as measured by qPCR analysis. B Torin1 treatment partly rescued the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, TNF-α and iNOS (n = 4). C After treatment with CCCP or Bafilomycin A1 at the absent or present of morphine, the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines were measured by qPCR analysis (n = 4). D, E The cell viability was detected in BV2 cells with 100 ng/ml LPS treatment (D, n = 3) or 1ug/ml LPS treatment (E, n = 3). F LPS challenge was performed in scrambled-shRNA or NLRX1-shRNA primary microglial cells. The cell viability was measured by CCK8 (n = 3). Data represent the mean ± SEM. Student's t-test or Mann–Whitney U test were used to measure significance between two groups (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 and ns p > 0.05)