Fig. 2
Resistance training alleviated laparotomy-induced cognitive dysfunction in aged mice. a Experimental workflow showing the time points of resistance exercise training, surgery and behavioral tests. b Representative moving traces of mice in the open field arena. c Total distance accumulated during testing by each mouse. A reduction would indicate impaired locomotion compared with their counterparts. d Time of central duration in open field test. Reduced time spent in the central square indicates the anxiety in the rodent. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey multiple comparisons test. e Recognition index from novel object recognition test (Timenew/Timeold). A significant higher index was observed in laparotomy group with RE training compared with laparotomy alone group indicating better recognition memory in the former group. f Escape latency and g number of errors in the Y-maze test. Significant decrease of error number and escape latency was found in the RE + Lap compared with Lap group. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey multiple comparisons test. n = 18 for control, n = 15 for resistance exercise (RE) group, 16 for resistance exercise before laparotomy (RE + Lap) group and n = 17 for laparotomy (Lap) group. Data presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001