Fig. 6

VCE-004.8 attenuates brain edema after TBI. A Representative T2-weighted MRI images at 1 to 7 days post-TBI. The damaged area is defined by a hyperintense region over the cortex, indicating edema formation. B Top images, 3D rendering of the MRI scans from A is used to show the location and calculate the volume of tissue edema (colored region). Bottom images show edematous tissue only in axial view. C Volume quantification of edematous tissue. Data are represented as mean ± SEM, and significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey’s test. 24 h and 72 h: p = 0.0003; ***p < 0.001, 7 days: p = 0.0005; *** p < 0.001 CCI + Vehicle vs Sham; 72 h: p = 0.0359; #p < 0.05 CCI + VCE-004.8 vs CCI + Vehicle. D Quantification of peripheral IgG infiltration into the brain in pericontusional cortex at 24 h, 72 h and 7 days after the injury. Data are represented as mean ± SEM, and significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey’s post hoc or Kruskal–Wallis post hoc test. 72 h: p = 0.0001; ***p < 0.001, 7 days: p = 0.0190: *p < 0.05 CCI + Vehicle vs Sham; 72 h: p = 0.0036; ##p < 0.01, 7 days: p = 0.0265; #p < 0.05 CCI + VCE-004.8 vs CCI + Vehicle