Fig. 1

Glyphosate and its major metabolite are detectable in brain tissue. A C57BL/6J mice were orally gavaged for 14 days, with urine being collected on the last 3 days. Blood was collected at endpoint, 4 h after the last dosage on day 14, followed by perfusion and postmortem analysis. B Levels of glyphosate detected in the brain tissue revealed a significant dose-dependent response between the four groups. C Levels of AMPA detected in the brain tissue are elevated in the highest two doses. D Level of glyphosate detected in mouse urine is elevated in the 500 mg/kg groups compared to the lower doses. E Positive correlation between levels of glyphosate and AMPA in the brain (p < 0.0001). F Positive correlation between brain and urine glyphosate (p = 0.0182). Data in A–C are presented as boxplots. The center line represents the median value, the limits represent the 25th and 75th percentile, and the whiskers represent the minimum and maximum value of the distribution. *p < .05 **p < .01, ***p < .001, ****p < .0001