Table 1 Role of cellular mechanisms in the regulation of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation
From: Astrocytic and microglial cells as the modulators of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease
Mechanism | Mediator | Effects | Significance in AD | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
SphK1 | N-AS | Acetylates COX and increases SPM SPM upregulates microglial phagocytic potential | Resolves neuroinflammation Reduces Aβ aggregates | [54] |
COX/PGE2 | PGE2 EP2 receptor of microglia | Deletion of PGE2 EP2 on microglia: Enhances phagocytosis of Aβ | Reduces neuroinflammation Reduces Aβ aggregates Maintain trophic factor and signalling | |
NADPH oxidase-mediated metabolic pathway | Enzyme NADPH oxidase | Deletion of NADPH oxidase: Reduces ROS production Allows microglial switch from M1 to M2 phenotype | Reduces oxidative stress Decreases neuroinflammation | |
CSFIR-mediated signalling | CSFIR | Deletion of CSFIR of microglia: Decreases microglia in niche Repopulation of new born microglia | Improves cognition Reduces Aβ burden Rescue dendrites Resolve neuroinflammation | |
Calhms | Calhm1 Calhm2 | Calcium homeostasis Aβ production Neuronal cell Viability Calcium homeostasis Neuro-inflammation | CALHM1 P86L polymorphism is associated with the incidence of AD Ablation of Cahm2 inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines | [68] [69] |
P2XY-NLRP3 pathway | PRXY | Regulates production of inflammatory cytokines via interaction with NLRP3 | Inhibition of P2XY reduces neuroinflammation | [69,70,71, 72,73,74] |