Fig. 5

Pregabalin inhibited neuronal HMGB1 translocation from nucleus to cytoplasm in vivo and in vitro. A-B Q-PCR analysis of Ccl2, Hmgb1, Cx3cl1, Mmp9, Mmp2, Tac1, Ccl21, and Cgrp mRNA levels in the cortex. n = 4 mice per group for Q-PCR analysis in vivo. C Q-PCR analysis of Hmgb1 mRNA level in neurons among the different groups. n = 3 per group for Q-PCR analysis in vitro. D Immunofluorescence staining and statistics showed that HMGB1 was mainly expressed in neurons. E, F Immunofluorescence staining and statistics of HMGB1 cytoplasmic translocation ratio in neurons in vivo. n = 4 mice per group and 2–3 slices per mouse for immunofluorescence staining. G-H Immunofluorescence staining and statistics of HMGB1 cytoplasmic translocation ratio in neurons in vitro. Staining with β‑tubulin (green) to visualize cytoskeleton. n = 4 mice per group for immunofluorescence staining in neurons. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by the Student’s t-test analysis. All other groups were compared with the indicated group. Data were presented as mean ± SEM, ns = not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001