Fig. 3

PBMT-treated lymph nodes affected neuroinflammation, reactive astrogliosis, and concentration of IFN-γ/IL-10 in the brain tissue of APP/PS1 and 3xTg-AD mice. A, B Representative images (A) and quantitative analyses (B) of Iba-1⁺ (activated microglia staining), GFAP⁺ (reactive astrocyte staining), and Aβ (Aβ plaque staining) in cortex and hippocampal regions from PBMT-treated or un-treated APP/PS1 and 3xTg-AD groups. DAPI was used to counterstain nuclei. Scale bar: 50 μm, (n = 4–6 per group). C, D ELISA was used to detect the concentration of IFN-γ (C) and IL-10 (D) in the brain tissue of APP/PS1 and 3xTg-AD groups after PBMT-treated lymph nodes, (n = 4 per group). All quantifications are presented as mean ± SEM and were analyzed by One-way ANOVA test; ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 versus WT group; ###p < 0.001, ##p < 0.01, #p < 0.05 versus indicated group