Drug type | Drug name | Study subject/surgery (anesthetic) | Functional outcome | Potential mechanisms | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Microglia depletion | PLX3397 | Mice/etomidate-induced | Rescued cognitive impairment | Suppressed A1-specific astrocytic response during the early but not the late stage of PND | [35] |
PLX5622 | Mice/TF (ISO) | Did not affect learning and memory | Reduced hippocampal levels of inflammatory cytokines, abrogated microglial activation and hippocampal recruitment of CCR2 leukocytes | [73] | |
CCR2 antagonist | RS504393 | Rats/TF (ISO) | Abrogated surgery-induced cognitive deficits | Abolished M1 microglial polarization and subsequent neuronal loss | [38] |
CD200 fusion protein | CD200-Fc | PND model | Attenuated neuroinflammation and PND | Improved synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation | [76] |
NADPH oxidase inhibitor | Apocynin (APO) | Mice/EL (ISO) | Alleviated impaired contextual fear memory | Rescued surgery-associated brain pathology (including increased Nox2, 8-OH-dG, CD11b, IL-1β and decreased BDNF in hippocampus) | [80] |
Nutrition | lipid and protein enriched nutrition, enteral administration | Mice | Â | Stimulated CCK-1R in the gut, inhibited proinflammatory cytokine release | |
Specific protein 1 | SP1 knockdown | Rats/no surgery (SF) | Â | Attenuated sevoflurane-induced SP1 up-regulation, reactivated CAP | [70] |
mast cell stabilizer | Cromolyn (disodium cromoglycate) | Rats/TF | Attenuated surgery-induced cognitive impairments | Attenuated surgery-induced astrocyte activation and microglia-astrocyte communication, inhibited BBB permeability increase, alleviated reduction of occluding and claudin-5 levels, neutralize hippocampal expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 | [83] |
Cell-penetrating fusion protein | nt-p65-TMD | Mice | Attenuated surgery-induced cognitive decline | reduced surgery-induced elevations in cerebrovascular integrity impairment, subsequent peripheral immune-cell recruitment, and inflammation amplification, regulated and reduce systemic inflammation and inflammation amplification | [85] |