Table 1 Drugs targeting microglia and neuroinflammation amplification

Microglia depletion

PLX3397

Mice/etomidate-induced

Rescued cognitive impairment

Suppressed A1-specific astrocytic response during the early but not the late stage of PND

[35]

PLX5622

Mice/TF (ISO)

Did not affect learning and memory

Reduced hippocampal levels of inflammatory cytokines, abrogated microglial activation and hippocampal recruitment of CCR2 leukocytes

[73]

CCR2 antagonist

RS504393

Rats/TF (ISO)

Abrogated surgery-induced cognitive deficits

Abolished M1 microglial polarization and subsequent neuronal loss

[38]

CD200 fusion protein

CD200-Fc

PND model

Attenuated neuroinflammation and PND

Improved synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation

[76]

NADPH oxidase inhibitor

Apocynin (APO)

Mice/EL (ISO)

Alleviated impaired contextual fear memory

Rescued surgery-associated brain pathology (including increased Nox2, 8-OH-dG, CD11b, IL-1β and decreased BDNF in hippocampus)

[80]

Nutrition

lipid and protein enriched nutrition, enteral administration

Mice

Stimulated CCK-1R in the gut, inhibited proinflammatory cytokine release

[67, 68]

Specific protein 1

SP1 knockdown

Rats/no surgery (SF)

Attenuated sevoflurane-induced SP1 up-regulation, reactivated CAP

[70]

mast cell stabilizer

Cromolyn (disodium cromoglycate)

Rats/TF

Attenuated surgery-induced cognitive impairments

Attenuated surgery-induced astrocyte activation and microglia-astrocyte communication, inhibited BBB permeability increase, alleviated reduction of occluding and claudin-5 levels, neutralize hippocampal expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9

[83]

Cell-penetrating fusion protein

nt-p65-TMD

Mice

Attenuated surgery-induced cognitive decline

reduced surgery-induced elevations in cerebrovascular integrity impairment, subsequent peripheral immune-cell recruitment, and inflammation amplification, regulated and reduce systemic inflammation and inflammation amplification

[85]