Impact of disease-modifying therapy on dendritic cells and exploring their immunotherapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis

Table 1 Characteristics of surface receptors of DC subsets in humans

Human DC subsets	cDC1	cDC2	pDC	moDC	Ref.
Subdivided lineages	Homogeneous	cDC2A and cDC2B			[18, 19]
Murine equivalent	CD8α⁺ cDC	CD11b⁺ cDC	Murine pDC		[12, 17]
Location	Bone marrow, blood, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil and non‐lymphoid tissues	Blood, lymphoid organs and peripheral tissues	Bone marrow, blood and peripheral lymphoid tissues	Recruited from the bone marrow to inflamed tissues	[11,12,13,14]
Surface receptors	CD11c CD141 (BDCA3) CD205 (DEC205) DNGR-1 (CLEC9A) CD371 (CLEC12A, MICL) HLA-DR XCR-1 NECL2 TLR3, TLR9 and TLR10	CD11c CD1c (BDCA1) CD11b CD172a (SIRP-α) DCIR (CLEC4A) CD301a (CLEC10A) CD371 (CLEC12A, MICL) Langerin^low HLA-DR All TLRs excerpt TLR9	CD11c^low/− CD123 CD303 (BDCA2) CD304 (BDCA4) CD371 (CLEC12A, MICL) HLA-DR TLRs (7, 9, 10)	CD11c CD1a CD1c (BDCA1) CD14 CD64 (FcγRI) CD172a (SIRP-α) CD206 (MR) CD209 (DC-SIGN) FcεRI HLA-DR TLRs (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9)	[12,13,14, 16, 17]
Cytokine profiles	IFN-III, IL-12, TNF-α, CXCL9, CXCL10	IL-1, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-23, TNF-α	IFN-I and III, TNF‐α, IL-6, Granzyme B	IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL‐12, IL-23, TNF‐α	[14, 15]
Functions	Antigen uptake and presentation, cross‐presentation, promoting T_H1 and NK responses, priming CD8⁺ T cells	Antigen uptake and presentation, cross‐presentation, inducing polarization of T_H1, T_H2, T_H17 cells, priming CD8⁺ T cells	Priming NK cells	Inducing pro-inflammatory responses during inflammation	[11, 13,14,15]

CD cluster of differentiation, CLEC9A C-type lectin domain family 9-member A, DCIR dendritic cell immunoreceptor, DC-SIGN dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin, DEC205 dendritic cell receptor for endocytosis-205, DNGR-1 dendritic cell natural killer lectin group receptor-1, FcεRI the high affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E, FcγRI the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin G, HLA-DR human leukocyte antigen DR, IFN interferon, IL interleukin, MICL myeloid inhibitory C-type lectin receptor, MR mannose receptor, SIRP-α signal regulatory protein alpha, T_H T helper cells, TLR Toll-like receptor, TNF‐α tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, XCR-1 chemokine XC receptor-1

ISSN: 1742-2094