Fig. 4

CD28SA ameliorates nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration in the hαSyn PD mouse model. A, B Evaluation of behavioral analyses using the rotarod performance test of EV- or hαSyn-injected mice with either PBS or with CD28SA treatment at five and nine weeks’ timepoint. C-E Representative images of TH and Nissl-stained neurons in the SN of the indicated groups of mice (C) and estimated cell number by unbiased stereology for TH⁺ dopaminergic SN neurons (D) and Nissl⁺ total SN neurons (E). F, G Representative images from the indicated groups of mice showing the striatum after TH⁺ immunostaining (F). Results from relative optical density (OD) measurements are shown (G). H, I Analyses of striatal dopamine (DA) levels (H) and homovanilic acid (HVA)/DA ratio (I). Statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test for: Rotarod, F(3, 92) = 3.921, P = 0.0110; TH⁺, F(3, 34) = 9.209, P = 0.0001; Nissl⁺, F(3, 34) = 13.77, P < 0.0001; striatum OD, F(3, 24) = 6.195, P = 0.0029; DA, F(3, 16) = 9.805, P = 0.0007; HVA/DA, F(3, 16) = 9.361, P = 0.0008. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. All data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = number of biologically independent animals. Scale bars: C 100 µm, F 500 µm