Fig. 4

Morinda officinalis oligosaccharides promoted autophagic flux and mitophagy in astrocytes. A Levels of LC3 and p62 were determined by western blotting. B Fluorescent localization of the autophagosome (yellow) and autolysosome (red) using the GFP-mRFP-LC3 probe. C Fluorescent localization of the autophagosome and mitochondria using the GFP-LC3 probe and Mito Tracker Deep Red probe, respectively. D Levels of mitophagy-associated proteins, including Parkin and TOMM20, in the cytoplasm and mitochondria were determined by western blotting. Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test