Table 2 Phytocannabinoids in TBI models
Treatment | Dose | Route | Frequency | Model | Species | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
THC | 1.25 mg/kg | i.p. | Daily ×12, post-injury or 6× intermittent treatments prior to injury | Closed-head lateral impact 3×, 3 days apart (rmTBI) | Sprague–Dawley rats, males and females | Post-rmTBI treatment reduced anxiety behavior in the elevated plus maze and prevented telomere shortening. Effects on depression-like outcomes were sex-dependent | [65] |
THC | 1 mg/kg | i.p. | 1×, 1 h post-injury | Closed-head, weight-drop with rotation (mTBI) | Sprague–Dawley rats, males and females | THC did not affect TBI-induced RotaRod impairment (males); THC impaired RotaRod performance in sham rats (males); THC treatment increased IL-6 after TBI (males); and THC + TBI reduced CB1R density relative to THC alone (females) | [67] |
THC | 3 mg/kg | i.p. | Daily ×3, post-injury | CCI (with craniotomy) | C57BL/6 J mice, males | Treatment improved RotaRod performance; and upregulated G-CSF, BDNF, GDNF | [68] |
THC | 3 mg/kg | i.p. | Daily ×3, post-injury | CCI (with craniotomy) | C57BL/6 J mice, males | Treatment reversed CCI-induced impairment in spontaneous alternation Y-maze performance; improved RotaRod performance; and upregulated 2-AG, G-CSF, BDNF, GDNF | [69] |
CBD | 30 μL, oil 10% | Oral gavage | Daily from days 1–14 and days 50–60 post-injury | Weight-drop mTBI with longitudinal incision | C57BL/6 J mice, males | Treatment reduced pain response; improved sociability; reduced aggression; and restored levels of D-Asp, Glutamate and GABA 14 days after mTBI, but not 60 days after mTBI | [62] |
CBD | 5, 10, 20 mg/kg | i.p. | 30 min before and six h post-injury | Weight-drop TBI with craniotomy (modified Feeney’s model) | Sprague–Dawley rats, males | Treatment (10 mg/kg) downregulated TNF-α, IL-1β, GFAP, AQP4; upregulated claudin-5 and occludin; and reduced edema | [63] |
High CBD, low THC preparation | 20 mg/mL topical; 20–40 mg/kg | Topical via gel, ± i.p. | Gel applied 1× two min post-injury; i.p. administered 10 min post-injury then daily × 14 | CCI (with craniotomy) | Sprague–Dawley and Wistar rats, males and females | Treatment improved vestibulomotor function; improved cognitive function; reduced lesion volume; and attenuated hippocampal injury | [64] |