Fig. 1

Age-dependent increased periodontal bone loss and increased cytokine immune responses in gums and brain specimens. a Representative two-dimensional sagittal micro-CT images of the left mandibular jaws from C57BL/6 J and 3 × Tg-AD mice at the ages investigated. Red and yellow bars indicate the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest (ABC). b Quantitative measurements of the vertical bone loss (mm) from CEJ to ABC between the first and second molars. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (C57BL/6 J mice: n = 5/age group, 3 × Tg-AD mice: n = 9–11/age group). Statistical analysis was done using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. c, d Relative mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the gums of (c) C57BL/6 J and (d) 3 × Tg-AD mice at different ages. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (C57BL/6 J mice: n = 10/age group, 3 × Tg-AD mice: n = 9–10/age group). e, f Relative mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the hippocampus of (e) C57BL/6 J and (f) 3 × Tg-AD mice at different ages. g, h Relative mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the frontal cortex of (g) C57BL/6 J and (h) 3 × Tg-AD mice at different ages. i, j Relative mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the frontal cortex of (i) C57BL/6 J and (j) 3 × Tg-AD mice at different ages. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (C57BL/6 J mice: n = 10/age group, 3 × Tg-AD mice: n = 4–10/age group). Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001