Comparisons of 25 cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in a case–control study of 106 patients with recent-onset depression and 106 individually matched healthy subjects

Sørensen, Nina Vindegaard; Borbye-Lorenzen, Nis; Christensen, Rune Haubo Bojesen; Orlovska-Waast, Sonja; Jeppesen, Rose; Skogstrand, Kristin; Benros, Michael Eriksen

doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02757-2

Journal of Neuroinflammation

Table 2 CSF cytokines above LLOD from 106 patients with depression and 106 healthy controls

From: Comparisons of 25 cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in a case–control study of 106 patients with recent-onset depression and 106 individually matched healthy subjects

	Unit	Depression (N = 106)		Healthy controls (N = 106)		Relative mean difference (95% CI)	p-values
	Unit	N > LLOD	Mean (95% CI)	N > LLOD	Mean (95% CI)	Relative mean difference (95% CI)	p-values
IL-6	10^–12 g/mL	106	0.90 (0.81–0.99)	106	0.81 (0.73–0.89)	1.10 (0.93–1.30)	0.276
IL-8	10^–12 g/mL	106	17.69 (16.71–18.72)	106	20.40 (19.27–21.59)	1.05 (0.96–1.16)	0.294
IFN-γ^a	10^–12 g/mL	92	0.26 (0.22–0.29)	67	0.16 (0.13–0.18)	1.04 (0.82–1.31)	0.762
IL-1α^a,b	10^–14 g/mL	13	0.36 (0.05–2.66)	9	0.21 (0.02–1.79)	1.13 (0.18–7.26)	0.899
IL-1β^a	10^–14 g/mL	18	0.05 (0.01–0.22)	8	0.02 (0.00–0.10)	3.52 (0.92 -13.45)	0.066
IL-2^a,b	10^–14 g/mL	28	1.11 (0.70–1.76)	15	0.75 (0.43–1.29)	1.49 (0.92–2.41)	0.105
IL-4^a,b	10^–14 g/mL	69	1.28 (1.12–1.48)	40	0.92 (0.78–1.08)	1.40 (1.14–1.72)	0.001^c
IL-5^a	10^–12 g/mL	71	0.50 (0.42–0.59)	74	0.55 (0.46–0.65)	0.84 (0.64–1.12)	0.236
IL-7^a	10^–12 g/mL	93	0.56 (0.49–0.63)	99	0.66 (0.59–0.75)	0.90 (0.73–1.12)	0.345
IL-10^a	10^–14 g/mL	87	8.44 (7.41–9.61)	71	7.11 (6.19–8.16)	1.04 (0.84–1.31)	0.700
IL-12^a,d	10^–12 g/mL	104	5.19 (4.69–5.74)	105	4.76 (4.30–5.27)	0.98 (0.82–1.16)	0.792
IL-13^a	10^–12 g/mL	12	1.11 (0.94–1.32)	18	1.20 (1.04–1.39)	0.98 (0.84–1.15)	0.803
IL-15	10^–12 g/mL	106	3.13 (2.90–3.37)	106	3.24 (3.01–3.49)	0.95 (0.84–1.08)	0.454
IL-16	10^–12 g/mL	106	9.60 (8.75–10.54)	106	11.02 (10.04–12.10)	0.89 (0.76–1.05)	0.164
IL-17A^a,b	10^–13 g/mL	15	0.95 (0.27–3.34)	10	0.83 (0.21–3.34)	1.15 (0.40–3.29)	0.795
IP-10^a	10^–11 g/mL	106	9.08 (8.04–10.24)	105	9.15 (8.11–10.33)	1.15 (0.93–1.41)	0.191
MCP-1^a	10^–10 g/mL	106	3.38 (3.07–3.73)	105	3.12 (2.83–3.44)	1.25 (1.06–1.47)	0.009^e
MCP-4^a,b	10^–11 g/mL	5	1.35 (0.74–2.46)	2	1.13 (0.54–2.35)	1.20 (0.85–1.70)	0.310
MDC^a	10^–12 g/mL	94	7.35 (6.61–8.17)	92	7.81 (7.02–8.68)	0.94 (0.78–1.13)	0.497
MIP-1α^a	10^–12 g/mL	68	2.72 (2.46–3.02)	82	3.53 (3.20–3.90)	0.87 (0.73–1.03)	0.103
MIP-1β^a	10^–12 g/mL	106	9.54 (8.83–10.31)	105	9.00 (8.33–9.72)	1.16 (1.02–1.33)	0.025^e
TARC^a	10^–12 g/mL	59	1.94 (1.69–2.22)	65	2.18 (1.91–2.49)	1.07 (0.86–1.33)	0.559
TNF-α^a	10^–13 g/mL	26	1.06 (0.70–1.59)	34	1.36 (0.92–2.02)	0.74 (0.44–1.25)	0.266
TNF-β^a	10^–14 g/mL	7	0.15 (0.01–2.00)	8	0.29 (0.02–3.34)	0.31 (0.04–2.29)	0.251
ICAM-1	10^–9 g/mL	106	1.48 (1.40–1.57)	106	1.41 (1.33–1.50)	1.04 (0.94–1.16)	0.401

Estimated means, relative mean differences, CIs and p-values are based on censored log-normal models adjusted for sex, age and plate
CI confidence interval, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, LLOD lower limit of detection, IFN interferon, IP-10 interferon gamma-induced protein-10, IL interleukin, MCP monocyte chemoattractant protein, MDC macrophage-derived chemokine, MIP macrophage inflammatory protein, TARC thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine, TNF tumor necrosis factor, sICAM soluble intercellular adhesion molecule
^aAnalyses included censored measurements
^bNot adjusted for plate due to too few measurements above LLOD
^cp-value after correction for multiple testing: 0.025
^dIL12/23p40
^eNot significant after correction for multiple testing

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ISSN: 1742-2094

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