Fig. 2

Effect of LIPUS therapy on left ventricular dysfunction and the inflammatory immune response of EAM. A M-mode echocardiography images, quantification of EF and FS were shown to evaluate the cardiac function of EAM mice (n = 5). Blood pressure showed systemic circulation under LIPUS stimulation (n = 3). B The mRNA expression of various cytokines/chemokines in spleen and heart isolated cells was detected. The expression level relative to the internal standard β-actin appeared in the heat map. C Representative FACS quantification of splenic Th17, Treg and macrophage from EAM mice with or without LIPUS treatment at day 21. Control mice served as a negative control (n = 5). D FACS analysis of different immune cells in heart at day 21 after EAM (n = 5). ^* Represents control vs. EAM; ^# represents LIPUS-0.35 MPa vs. EAM; ⁺ represents LIPUS-0.35 MPa vs. control. (Data were shown as the mean ± SD, Student’s t-test for two-group comparison and one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test for comparison of multiple groups; ^*P or ^#P < 0.05, ^##P or ⁺⁺P < 0.01, ^***P, ^###P or ⁺⁺⁺P < 0.001). EAM: experimental autoimmune myocarditis; EF: ejection fraction; FS: fractional shortening; LIPUS: low-intensity pulsed ultrasound; FACS: fluorescence activated cell sorting