Fig. 1

Learning and memory ability in 3- and 12-month-old male and female APP/PS1 mice and WT littermates. The Morris Water Maze test was conducted to assess the spatial learning and memory. A–D Difference in escape latency during the training phase between WT mice and APP/PS1 mice within the same age and sex (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ****P < 0.0001). E, F Difference in escape latency during the training phase between 12-month-old and 3-month-old mice within the same genotype and sex (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ****P < 0.0001). G, H Difference in the percentage of time in target quadrants between WT mice and APP/PS1 mice within the same age and sex. I, J Difference in the percentage of time in target quadrants between 12-month-old and 3-month-old mice within the same genotype and sex. K, L Difference in the percentage of time in target quadrants between males and females within the same genotype and age. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001). M, N Typical swimming trajectory. (MT: male APP/PS1 group; MW: male WT group; FT: female APP/PS1 group; FW: female WT group; 3 M: 3-month-old; 12 M: 12-month-old)