Fig. 2
Co-treatment with the N-Aβ fragment or N-Aβcore mitigates the phenotypic shift in primary cortical astrocytes and microglia induced by Aβ1–42 in mixed glia cultures. A Representative images of GFAP-positive astrocytes after daily treatment for 5 days with media only (Control), 1 μM Aβ1–42, 1 μM Aβ1–42 + 1 μM N-Aβ fragment or 1 μM Aβ1–42 + 1 μM N-Aβcore. Scale bar: 100 μm. B The percentage of astrocytes with a relatively high level of GFAP expression after 1, 5, 10 or 15 days of treatment with media only (Control), 1 μM Aβ1–42, 1 μM N-Aβ fragment, 1 μM N-Aβcore, 1 μM Aβ1–42 + 1 μM N-Aβ fragment, or 1 μM Aβ1–42 + 1 μM N-Aβcore. (Threshold for GFAPhigh: 1 SD over mean intensity value.) C Representative images of Iba1(green)/CD68(red)-positive microglia after daily treatment for 5 days with media only (Control), 1 μM Aβ1–42, 1 μM Aβ1–42 + 1 μM N-Aβ fragment or 1 μM Aβ1–42 + 1 μM N-Aβcore. Scale bar: 100 μm. D The percentage of microglia with a relatively high level of Iba1 and CD68 expression after 1, 5, 10 or 15 days of treatment as described in B. (Threshold for Iba1high and CD68 high: 1SD over mean intensity values). Analysis of astrocyte (E) and microglia (F) cell area per field of view (ROI, 34,000 μm2) after treatment for 1, 5 or 10 days with the treatment solutions described in B (n = 45 cells per treatment condition). Number of processes per astrocyte (G) or microglia (H) as determined by Sholl analysis after treatment with solutions described in B. for 1, 5 or 10 days. (n = 45 cells per treatment condition). Images in A and C obtained on a Leica TCS SP8 confocal microscope. Data are means ± SD. All data in B and D–H analyzed via two-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test as compared to Control for each treatment day. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001