Fig. 10

Summary of emerging mechanism of action underlying the observed indirect neuroprotective effects of exogenous B cells in the context of acute and chronic brain injury in the current study. Exogenous B cells injected directly into the injury site receive activating signals from the injured microenvironment as well as from infiltrating immune cells and acquire a regulatory phenotype. The activated exogenous B cells show a reciprocal functional interaction with infiltrating and resident myeloid cells, including monocytes/macrophages and microglia throughout the lesion site, reducing the baseline inflammatory response in these immune populations