Fig. 5

Immunomodulatory effect of B cell application within the main subsets of infiltrating myeloid immune cells at the site of injury. A1–H1 Ly6G⁺ granulocytes showed time-dependent cytokine dynamics mostly driven by injury progression, with only modest differential response to the presence of B cells. Interestingly, a regulatory effect in B cell-treated animals, associated with increased production of IL-10 and IL-35 and a reduction in IFNγ and IL-6 was observed mostly at the chronic, 2-month time point. A2–H2 Ly6C⁺ monocytes/macrophages showed the strongest overall differential response to B cell treatment, with a significant reduction in the numbers of cells producing proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-2, and IL-6, and conversely an increase in cells that produced IL-10 and TGFβ. A3–H3 Ly6C⁻ non-classical monocytes/macrophages were also strongly regulated by the application of B cells at the injury site, primarily by reducing the numbers of cells that produced proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-2, and IL-6. Statistical significance was assessed by multiple two-tailed unpaired t-tests for each individual marker and time point and corrected for multiple comparisons using the Holm-Šídák method *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001