Fig. 5

Restoration of O-GlcNAcylation improves behavioral deficits of Ogt deficient mice. a Representative images of the explored path (upper) and spent time (lower, heatmap) of novel object recognition task test of Ctrl and cKO mice treated with saline (Ctrl + saline, cKO + saline) and GlcNAc (Ctrl + GlcNAc, cKO + GlcNAc) during the testing trial, respectively. Heatmap image of each animal was shown in Additional file 5: Fig. S5e. b The time (seconds) spending in exploring the novel and old object of Ctrl and cKO adult mice treated with saline and GlcNAc during the testing trial. Compared to Ctrl mice, cKO mice spent less time exploring the novel object. cKO mice treated with GlcNAc displayed increased time exploring the novel object compared to cKO mice treated with saline during the testing trial. n = 6 mice per group. Values represent mean ± SEM; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; two-way ANOVA analysis followed by Sidak’s multiple-comparison test, F_{(3, 40)} = 4.342. c Y maze spontaneous alternation task test results showed that cKO mice treated with GlcNAc displayed an increased percentage of spontaneous alternations compared to cKO mice treated with saline. n = 6 mice per group. Values represent mean ± SEM; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; one-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison test, F_{(3, 20)} = 14.94. d Representative travelled path and heatmap images showing the exploring path (upper) and spent time (lower, heat map) of Ctrl and cKO mice treated with saline and GlcNAc during Y maze spatial novelty preference test. Heatmap image for each animal was shown in supplemental Fig. 6c. e–g cKO mice treated with GlcNAc showed a higher percentage of exploring time (e), increased number of entries (f) and distance (g) in the novel arm compared to those of cKO mice treated with saline during Y maze spatial novelty preference test. n = 6 mice per group. Values represent mean ± SEM; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; two-way ANOVA analysis followed by Sidak’s multiple-comparison test, F_{(6, 60)} = 11.13 for e, F_{(6, 60)} = 6.752 for f, F_{(6, 60)} = 4.623 for g. h The escape latency of Ctrl and cKO mice treated with saline and GlcNAc during the training period in Morris water maze test. cKO mice with the GlcNAc administration showed the decreased time to reach the platform of during 4-day training period compared to cKO mice treated with saline. n = 6 mice per group. Values represent mean ± SEM; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; two-way ANOVA analysis followed by Sidak’s multiple-comparison test, F_{(3, 80)} = 14.31. i–k cKO mice treated with GlcNAc exhibited the reduced latency (i), increased time in target quadrant (j) and increased numbers of crossing the platform (k) compared to saline-treated cKO mice during the probe trial of Morris water maze test. n = 6 mice per group. Values represent mean ± SEM; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; one-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison test, F_{(3, 20)} = 4.668 for i; F_{(3, 20)} = 3.493 for k; two-way ANOVA analysis followed by Sidak’s multiple-comparison test for j, F_{(3, 40)} = 7.787