Fig. 2

Anti-DWEYS induced-neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and spatial memory impairment. A Representative hippocampal sections from Ctl and anti-DWEYS mice that were stained for NeuN (red) and IgG (green). B Representative immunofluorescent staining for NeuN, Iba-1, and GFAP. C Quantification of NeuN⁺, Iba-1⁺, and GFAP⁺ cells of Ctl and Anti-DWEYS mice (n = 3). Data are mean ± SEM. D Comparisons of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the brain homogenates of Ctl and Anti-DWEYS mice (n = 3). E Left, representative track plots in OPM task in a Ctl and anti-DWEYS mice. Circles represent the locations of the objects. Right, OPM ratio showing that Ctl mice explored the moved object preferentially, while anti-DWEYS mice did not (n = 6). Data are mean ± SEM. ns, non-significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; t test