Fig. 5

Pro-inflammatory polarization, migration, and phagocytosis of microglia induced by GRP78. A Left, immunofluorescence staining for iNOS, CD206, and DAPI in primary microglia upon GRP78 stimulation with or without TAK-242 treatment. Right, intensity statistics of iNOS and CD206 (n = 3). Data are mean ± SEM. B Quantification of MHC II⁺ and CD206⁺ cell upon GRP78 stimulation with or without TAK-242 treatment (n = 3). C Transwell results showed that GRP78 induced more cell migration to the lower chamber and TAK-242 had an inhibitory effect (n = 3). D Immunofluorescence assessment demonstrated the phagocytosis of fluorescent bioparticles by different groups of primary microglia (n = 3). E Left, representative images of microglia (Iba1⁺, green) containing PSD95 puncta (red) in the hippocampus from Ctl and anti-DWEYS mice. Right, quantification of PSD95⁺ puncta in microglia. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, t test