Fig. 1

Differential expression of proteins and mRNAs in the hippocampus of mice with TLE. A Experimental timeline of the transcriptomics and proteomics. B An EEG time–frequency spectrogram of a typical mouse SRS of chronic epilepsy. C, D Immunostaining and quantitative analysis for NeuN, GFAP, and Iba1 cells number in the CA3 region of the hippocampus from the KA-induced epileptic mice at 35 d after surgery (scale bar = 100 µm; n = 4). Normalized to the sham level. E, F Western blotting and densitometric quantitative analysis of GFAP and Iba1 in the hippocampus from the KA-induced epileptic mice at 35 d after surgery (n = 4). Normalized to the sham level. GAPDH served as the internal control. G Heatmap showing the clustering of the differential expression of proteins and mRNAs (top 1000) in the hippocampus of the mice with TLE. The color scale shows proteins or mRNAs that are upregulated (red) or downregulated (blue) relative to the mean expression of all samples. H UpSet diagram showing the intersection between the differential expression of proteins and mRNAs in the hippocampus of the mice with TLE. I Fold changes of the 19 differentially expressed genes in transcriptomics and proteomics. J The fold changes in the expression levels of 4 mRNAs tested by transcriptomics, proteomics and qPCR (n = 3–4). All data are shown as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. SRS: spontaneous recurrent seizures; KA: kainic acid; TLE: temporal lobe epilepsy