Fig. 3

Anesthesia and surgery lead to neuronal damage, reactive astrocytes, and increased excitatory neurons. A Representative photomicrographs of GFAP-, NeuN-, VGLUT2-, GAD65-, GABA- and glutamate-positive cells in the CA1 of the hippocampus. Scale bar = 50 μm. B–E The intensity of GFAP, NeuN, VGLUT2 and GAD65 was quantified in each group. F, G Co-stained area of GABA- and GFAP-positive cells, and glutamate- and GFAP-positive cells in the CA1 of the hippocampus. H Representative western blot of MAP2 and PSD95. I, J The optical density values of MAP2 and PSD95 in the hippocampus. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 6 mice/group). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test or Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparison test. ****P < 0.0001; ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05