Fig. 5

A Representative photomicrographs of the brain sections from female rats stained for IBA1 (microglia), and DAPI (nuclear stain); scale bar 100 µm. B Representative higher magnification images of reactive/homeostatic microglia. Microgliosis (C–F) and reactive microgliosis (G–J) quantification. Overall effect (C, G) and regional differences (D, H) in mixed sex, and differences in males (E, I) and females (F, J) are shown for microgliosis and reactive microgliosis. Differences in CD68 + IBA1 colocalization in AMY from different groups are shown (K, L). The brain regions where significant increase in CD68 + IBA1 colocalization were observed in soman-exposed animals were quantified and compared with other groups (M). C, G Two-way ANOVA (Tukey’s multiple comparisons test); D–F, H–J, M region-wise two-way ANOVA (Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). For all, n = 8–10 for mixed-sex cohort or 3–5/sex. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 vs control; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001, ^####p < 0.0001 vs soman + vehicle