Fig. 6

A Representative photomicrographs of the brain sections from female rats stained for GFAP (astrocytes), and DAPI (nuclear stain); scale bar 100 µm. B Representative higher magnification images of reactive/homeostatic astrocytes (green labeled cells). Astrogliosis (C, D) and reactive astrogliosis (E, F) quantification. Overall effect (C, E) and regional differences (D, F) in mixed sex are presented. Sex differences were observed only in the centromedial thalamic nuclei (CMT) (G) for reactive astrogliosis. Representative images of GFAP and C3-positive cells in AMY from each group is shown (H, I); scalebar 100 µm. Quantification of C3 containing GFAP-positive cells in other brain regions (J). C, E Two-way ANOVA (Tukey’s multiple comparisons test; D, F, G, J region-wise two-way ANOVA (Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). For all, n = 8–10 for mixed-sex cohort or 3–5/sex. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 ****p < 0.0001 vs control; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001, ^####p < 0.0001 vs soman + vehicle