Fig. 1

Elevation of LPS-induced inflammatory responses and GPR110 expression in brain after single ethanol exposure. Mice were given ethanol (3 g/kg) or maltose (5.4 g/kg) through oral gavage and LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected at 1, 4 and 6 h following ethanol gavage. Brains were collected at 2 h after LPS injection for determining mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and CCL2 (A). The level of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-1β in blood was measured by ELISA at 2 h after LPS injection made at 1, 4 and 6 h of pretreatment with ethanol gavage (B). The transcript level of GPR110 in the brain was quantified after 4 h of ethanol gavage followed by LPS administration for 2 h, in comparison to the group treated with maltose, ethanol or LPS alone (C). Values are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3), representing two independent experiments. ns, the difference of means is not statistically significant. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001 vs. Maltose group