Fig. 2

GPR110-dependent anti-inflammatory effects of synaptamide against LPS-induced neuroinflammation exacerbated by ethanol exposure. WT and GPR110 KO mice were administered with ethanol (3 g/kg) or maltose (5.4 g/kg) through oral gavage and LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected at 4 h after ethanol administration. Synaptamide (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected immediately after LPS/synaptamide administration. The mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and nlrp3 (A) and the protein level of NLRP3 and IL-1β (B, C) were determined at 2 or 24 h after LPS injection, respectively. The cytokine level of TNF-α in blood was determined by ELISA at 2 h after LPS/synaptamide injection (D). All the values are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 4 for A; n = 3 for B–D), representing two independent experiments. ns, the difference of means is not statistically significant. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001 vs. Maltose group