Fig. 1

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) enhanced the learning and memory of APPswe mice in behavioral tests. Mice were divided into three groups: non-transgenic mice (NC), AD mice orally administered PBS (APPswe), and AD mice orally administered 30 mg/kg/day C3G in PBS (APPswe_C3G). All the mice (n = 8) underwent the Y-maze test, and the alternation ratio was calculated as the ratio of the actual number of alternations to the maximum number of alternations. The extracellular accumulation of Aβ protein was assessed using thioflavin-S staining (n = 3). Arm entry (A), Y-maze test (B), extracellular accumulation of Aβ protein through thioflavin-S staining (C–F). Data are representative of three independent experiments with similar results. ns, not significant; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Bars represent mean ± SE