Fig. 6

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) regulates neuroinflammation and antioxidation in APPswe mice. Mice were divided into three groups: non-transgenic mice (NC), AD mice orally administered PBS (APPswe), and AD mice orally administered 30 mg/kg/day C3G in PBS (APPswe_C3G). The mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6, in the cortical (A–C) and hippocampal regions of the brain (D–F) were observed using RT-PCR (n = 5). The levels of (G) TNF-α and (H) IL-6 and antioxidants (I) catalase (CAT) and (J) glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were observed in the serum using ELISA (n = 5). Data are representative of three independent experiments with similar results. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Bars represent mean ± SE