Fig. 8

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) attenuated neuronal apoptosis and tau protein phosphorylation in the hippocampus of APPswe mice. Mice were divided into three groups: non-transgenic mice (NC), AD mice orally administered PBS (APPswe), and AD mice orally administered 30 mg/kg/day C3G in PBS (APPswe_C3G). The protein expression levels of different neuronal apoptosis- and tau protein phosphorylation-associated factors in the hippocampus were determined using western blotting (n = 4). Levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) (A); phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK)/AMPK (B); Sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1) (C); phospho-protein kinase B (Akt)/Akt (D); phospho- glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (pGSK3β)/GSK3β (E); phospho-p38 MAPK (pP38)/p38 (F); phospho- extracellular signal-regulated kinases (pERK/ERK) (G); and phosphorylated tau (pTau/Tau) (H). Data are representative of three independent experiments with similar results. ns, not significant; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Bars represent mean ± SE