Scheme 1

Experimental procedure and targeted molecular signaling. A Experimental protocol; B C3G-mediated amyloidogenic pathway and tau protein phosphorylation; C C3G enhanced autophagy in APPswe mice; D neuroprotective effects of C3G on neuronal apoptosis; and E C3G improved the synaptic function. APP, amyloid precursor protein; BACE1, β-secretase; PS-1, presenilin-1; ADAM10, α-secretase; Aβ, amyloid beta; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; CAT, catalase; NFTs, neurofibrillary tangles; C3G, cyaninidin-3-O-glucoside; Bax, Bcl-2 associated X, apoptosis regulator; Bcl2, B-cell lymphoma 2; MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases; GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; PI3K/Akt, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B; SYP, synaptophysin; PSD95, postsynaptic density protein-95; LC3B-II, light chain 3BII; LAMP-1, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; SQSTM, sequestosome 1.