Fig. 6

AD OM-ALI cells show distinct biological changes post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. Top signaling pathways in canonical pathway comparison between all exposure groups with the percentages overlap of pathway genes with DEGs: a mock-treated controls and SARS-CoV-2 infected controls; b mock-treated AD and SARS-CoV-2 infected AD; c mock-treated control and mock-treated AD; d SARS-CoV-2 infected control and SARS-CoV-2 infected AD cells. The rankings were based on Fisher's exact test and pathways are presented with the highest significance on the top and displayed along in decreasing order of significance from the top. The cutoff for statistical significance was a p-value ≤ 0.05 and a biological significance indicated by Z-score ≤ − 2 or ≥ 2. n = 3 control and n = 3 AD OM-ALI cultures for all data. e–h Indicates upstream regulators associated to DEG in the e control mock and AD mock; f control mock and control infected; g AD mock and AD infected; h control infected and AD infected. Y-axis indicates the upstream regulator network, and the x-axis represents the activation Z-score