Fig. 1

EMPA performs neuroprotective effects in the retinal IR model. A A schematic diagram of the timeline of IR induction, intravitreal injection treatment, and subsequent analyses. B Representative whole‐mount retina stained with RBMPS showing the eight areas from the central and peripheral regions used for quantification. C Retinal whole-mounts labeled with RBPMS (red) and Tuj1 (green) to visualize RGCs at 7 days post-IR injury. Scale bar: 50 µm. D At 7 days post-IR injury, representative HE-stained images of retinal sections from central and peripheral regions. Scale bars: 50 μm. E Quantification of the RGC survival rate in both central and peripheral regions of Blank, IR + Vehicle, and IR + EMPA retinas (n = 5–6). F Measurements of central and peripheral retinal IPL thickness among groups (n = 6)