Fig. 2

EMPA inhibits microglia activation and neuroinflammation resulting from IR injury. A Immunostaining of whole-mount retinas of Blank, IR + Vehicle, and IR + EMPA groups with the Iba 1 antibody (green) at 3 days post-IR injury. Magnified images to show the morphology changes of microglia. Scale bar: 50 μm. B Statistic analysis of Iba 1⁺ microglia density in central and peripheral regions among groups (n = 6–8). C The protein levels of Iba 1 were evaluated by Western blotting. β-actin served as the internal protein control. D Relative densitometry quantitation of Iba 1 expression in 3 groups (n = 6). E 1 day after IR injury, the mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α of retinas were measured with qRT-PCR (n = 6)